Library management system based on finger print and rfid - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1:Introduction Library management system includes areas such as issuing and returning of books, classification of materials, and students console using various techniques. The two main features of this system include theft detection of unissued books and automatic system for issuing and returning of books for its members. The theft detection model that we have designed though as yet merely for demonstrational purposes can be extremely beneficial if implemented properly as a professional library system. The efficient use of technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector. The key component which plays an important role in this syetem is the Radio-frequency identification(RFID) technology. This technology establishes communication by using radio waves in order to exchange the data between a reader and an electronic tag which is attached to an object(a book), for the purpose of identification. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether RFID technology offers any significant benefit for library management and that how does these benefits reflect to the customer satisfaction. RFID technology had its first commercial applications introduced in the late 1980s. Since then technologies have advanced in different fields causing the cost of RFID tags and readers to go decrease, thus making it easily available to a broader market. For example, as RFID tags have become cheaper, libraries have started adopting this technology, thu s ensuring a secure library system. The hardware part in this library management system is comprised of interrogators (also known as RFID readers), RFID tags (also known as labels), the fingerprint module and an alarm. The interrogators or the RFID readers operating on 125KHz are used to read the tag number of the books when brought near to it in order to process its identification number and check for its status. The tags are the devices, small in size, less in thickness, attached to the books having a unique identification number each in order to distinguish between the books. These when placed near the reader sends its identification number to it for further processing. The fingerprint module is used for the student console. The student can login his account for status updates using fingerprint recognition system. The alarm is used in case if an unissued book is sensed by the RFID reader in the exit zone. The software part is composed of the database systems and an interfacing tool for database components. The students details are listed in database systems. These are automatically accessed when the student uses the student console feature. The forms of students are created in the visual studio and this tool is also used to compare the database components with the incoming string in order to update the status of the student. An RFID reader transfers energy to the RFID tag by emitting electromagnetic waves through the air. The tag uses this RF energy to charge up and then emit or send its code to the RFID reader. The reader receives tags response and sends to a host computer or any other external device for further processing. In practical applications of using RFID technology, a tag is attached to a book used to identify the target, when it passes through the area which the reader can read, the RFID tag and its reader builds up the radio signal connections, the tag sends its information to the reader, such as unique code and other data stored on, the reader receives those information and decodes them, and then sends to a host computer so as to complete the whole information processing. The whole management system can be divided into two units namely the main unit and the anti theft unit. There is a wireless connection between these two units. The student can login his account by using the fingerprint rec ognition system. Then he can place the particular book in the area near the RFID reader in order to issue in or return from his account. When passing through the anti theft unit in the exit zone, an RFID reader placed in this zone will read the code of this book and send wirelessly to the main unit, to the PC. There the status of the book will be checked and again sent back to the anti theft unit. If it sends TRUE, the anti theft will let the book go safe and sound. If it sends FALSE, alarm will ring and thus theft will be detected. Chapter 2: literature review 2.1 History of RFID A scientist, Lon Theremin invented an espionage tool for Soviet Union which transmitted radio waves with audio information in 1948. The device was a passive covert listening object, not an identification tag, and it attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The RFID technology has been in use from 1921 according to one source (although same source states that the RFID systems have been around since the late 1950s). Mario Cardulistos in 1971 was the first inventor of modern RFID; it was a passive radio tag with memory. Initially, it was a passive device, powered by the interrogating signal, and it was demonstrated in 1974 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users. It was consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates) 2.2 Background RFID systems has established in a wide range of markets including tagging, stock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving objects. 2.2.1 RFID TAGS The RFID tags are also known as transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms, shapes and different sizes. Some are used which are less than 0.05mm, which were used to study the behaviour of ants. Data is stored in the tag IC which is transmitted through the antenna to an RFID reader. There are two commonly used RFID Transponders: Active (that has an internal power source) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered from the RFID reader). 2.2.2 RFID READER A reader (also sometimes called an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transciever, which is being controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader antenna captures data from tags then passes the data to a computer or external source for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag integrated circuit (which is a silicon chip) and then the data is sent to the host computer for further processing. 2.2.3 WORKING OF RFID Information is sent to and received from the RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In systems which are passive, are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field thatenergizes the tag and induces the power into the tag to respond to the reader. The data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner as data scanned from bar code stickers is captured and passed to a PC for processing, storage, and action. 2.2.4 FREQUENCIES OF RFID RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: The commonly used frequencies are: v Low frequency (125/134.2 KHz) v High frequency (13.56 MHz) v Ultra high frequency ( 869 and 915 MHz) v Microwave (2450 MHz) It is important to remember that maximum range is not required in all the applications. Tags in the LF/HF band have a range of 2.25 to 46 cm approximately, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 6.3 meters, and microwave tags can reach 0.5 to 1.9 meters. The range of the tag greatly depends on the surface on which the tag is mounted. 2.3 FUTURE OF RFID RFID is known by many in the industry to be the leading technology for automatic identification and collection of data. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the supply chain of goods of the customers where an RFID tag attached to a consumers product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumers house. 2.4 APPLICATIONS 2.4.1 Electronic Vehicle Registration In many countries of the world, security of vehicles is a major concern, Government uses the RFID system for Vehicle Registration. With implementing RFID systems, we can detect stolen cars and it is helpful in their retrieval also. 2.4.2 Payment by mobile phones Two credit card companies are working with Dallals since 2009, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop specialized micro cards. When these cards are inserted into the mobile phones, the mobile phone directly connects with the bank account and we can use it as credit card. 2.4.3 Transportation payments For traffic management, government use RFID applications. Automotive companies also use various RFID tracking solutions for product management. 2.4.4 Product tracking RFID is also used in product tracking application, begins with plant-based production processes, and then extends into post sales configuration management for large buyers. 2.4.5Animal identification One of the oldest uses of RFID technology is animal tagging. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial in animal identification management. 2.4.6 Museums RFID technologies are implemented for the user also in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, eXspot, at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California. 2.4.7Race timings RFID can also be used in racing. Till 1990 it is used in animal racing. First time it is implemented in pigeons racing. It is used for registering race start and end timings for animals or individuals in large running races or multi-sport races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant. 2.5 Problems and concerns 2.5.1 Data flooding Each tag generating a message each time when passing a reader may be a desired outcome. However, event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as middleware performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data. 2.5.2 Global standardization Frequencies are using for RFID in the USA currently incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no standard has yet become as universal as the barcode. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to utilize a tag that is operational within all of the international frequency domains. 2.5.3 Security concerns A primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the United States Department of Defenses recent adoption of RFID tags for supply chain management. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in consumer products. 2.5.4 Temperature exposure Currently, RFID tags are glued with an integrated circuit (IC) to an inlay. Vibration and high temperatures can break the connection. If the IC connection break with the inlay, the RFID tag will not transmit 2.6 FINGERPRINT AUTHENTICATION Fingerprint authentication refers to automated method of verifying a match between two fingerprints. Fingerprint is one of the many forms of the biometrics used to identify an individual as well as verify their identity. Each individual has a unique pattern in his fingerprints. There are some unique points in known as minutia points in the fingerprints of the individuals. The number of these points, their location, distance from each other, vary from person to person. Every individual has these characteristics different. 2.6.1 Why fingerprint? In the IT world the end-users use fingerprint authentication due to some reasons, i.e. security, and there is the reason that is why they establish, but it is very expensive to maintain. Other authentication mechanisms like smart cards, tokens, etc. require you to carry something. This is far better than a password, also easies to lose. Losing your credit card or driving license is worse. Information is valuable and harder to track than money. Fingerprints also acts as a simple, trusted and convenient user interface to a well thought security plan. A user authenticated via fingerprints can take advantage of a solid security system minimal education. Chapter 3: Requirements Specification 3.1 Non-functional Requirements ID Priority Details NR-02-001 1 Delivery: The system development process and deliverable documents shall conform to the process and deliverables defined in the document CIIT-CE-02H Degree Project Students Handbook. NR-02-002 1 Standard: The standard of the final product shall be of undergraduate level or above. 3.2 External requirements ID Priority Details NR-03-001 3 Security: This is a degree project having no strict security requirements. NR-03-002 1 Ethical: The application will not use any type of un-ethical electronic material while project development and execution. NR-03-003 1 Legislative: The application shall not use any private or confidential data, or network information that may infringe copyrights and/or confidentiality of any personnel not directly involved in this product. NR-03-004 3 Safety: the application is safe and not harmful in any case. 3.3 Functional Requirements 3.3.1 Category 1 Following requirements should be met under given priorities: ID Priority Details FR-01-001 1 PIC18F452 FR-01-002 1 MAX232 FR-01-003 2 NRF905 RF TRANSCEIVER FR-01-004 2 ID20 RFID READER MODULE FR-01-005 2 SM630 FINGERPRINT MODULE 3.3.2 Category 2 ID Priority Details FR-02-001 1 VISUAL STUDIO FR-02-002 1 MYSQL DATABASE APPLICATION FR-02-003 1 PROTEUS 7.6 FR-02-004 2 CCS COMPILER FOR PIC FR-02-005 1 PC EXPRESS FR-02-006 1 CIRCUIT MAKER 2000 FR-02-007 1 EASY PCB 3.3.3 Category 3 ID Priority Details FR-03-001 2 LM7805 REGULATOR IC FR-03-002 2 LM7833 REGULATOR IC FR-03-003 1 7 VOLTS POWER SUPPLY FR-03-004 1 BRIDGE RECTIFIERS Chapter 4: Project Design 4.1 Architecture Overview The design of the intended product is explained graphically with the help of a block diagram shown in figure below. The diagram explains the overall interactions of the modules and their placements. 4.2 Required Components Microcontroller PIC18F452 RF transceiver nRF905 Fingerprint module SM630 RFID reader module ID20 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC18F452 4.3.1 Description PIC18F452 is the member of PIC18F family. It is a low power, high performance flash 8-bit microcontroller with 32 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard PIC18Fxxx instruction set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a non-volatile memory programmer and in circuit serial programmer (ICSP). The 18F452 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features. 4.3.2 Pin layout 4.3.3 Features and specifications Program memory type flash v Program memory 32 KB v CPU speed 10 MIPS v Data EEPROM 256 bytes v RAM 1536 bytes v Digital communication peripherals 1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C) v Ports A, B, C, D E v I/O pins 32 This microcontroller is more suitable for our project as it has more memory and instruction speed, as required by our system, than 16Fxxx family or ATMEL. The protocols used for digital communication are sort of built-in in this microcontroller. Moreover it is more reliable and efficient than others. 4.4 RF transceiver nRF905 4.4.1 Description The nRF905 is a radio transceiver for the 433/ 868/ 915 MHz ISM band on a single chip. This transceiver consists of fully integrated frequency synthesizer, receiver chain with demodulator, a modulator, a crystal oscillator and a power amplifier. Current consumption is very low, it transmits only 9mA at an output power of -10dBm, and in receive mode 12.5mA. Built-in power down modes makes power saving easily realizable. Its pin configuration is as follows: 1 VCC 2 TRX_CE 3 CPCLK 4 AM 5 MISO 6 SCK 7 GND 8 TXEN 9 PWR 10 CD 11 DR 12 MOSI 13 CSN 14 GND 4.4.2 Features Data rate 50 kbps v Operating frequency 433 MHz ISM band v Modulation technique GFSK v SPI interface v Power supply range 1.9 to 3.6 V v Channels 11 with v Channel switching time 650s Figure 3 This transceiver was used because it has high data rate, long distance and low voltage consumption. Also it has some addition features like address matching, carrier detection alert and high noise immunity. 4.5 Fingerprint Module SM630 SM630 integrated fingerprint identification module is the release of Miaxis Biometrics Company. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, a high performance DSP processor and a Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint enrolment, fingerprint verification, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint download, fingerprint upload, etc. It has four pins connections: 1 Power supply + 2 Module TX 3 Module RX 4 GND 4.5.1 Features High Adaptation to Fingerprints v Easy to Use and Expand v Low Power Consumption v Integrated Design v Operating Voltage: 4.3V6V v Fingerprint Template: 768 templates v User Flash Memory: 64KByte v Interface Protocol: Standard serial interface TTL level v Communication Baud Rate: 57600bps Figure 4 It was used as it is easy to interface with the microcontroller and reduces image processing coding. It gives out serial TTL output which is easy to process. It can be easily controlled by the commands to get the desired output. Adding, deleting, searching and matching commands are easy to implement in this module. 4.6 RFID reader module ID20 This RFID reader module is very simple to use. It has a built in antenna, the only holdup is the 2mm pin spacing (breakout board available below). Power the module, hold up a card, and get a serial string output containing the unique ID of the card. It uses weigand26 protocol. 4.6.1 Pin description Its pin description is as follows: 1 GND 2 VCC 3 To external antenna and tuning capacitor 4 To external antenna 5 Card present 6 Future 7 Format Selector (+/-) 8 Data 1 9 Data 0 10 3.1 KHz logic 11 DC Voltage Supply 4.6.2 Features 5V supply v 125kHz read frequency v EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible v 9600bps TTL and RS232 output v Magnetic stripe emulation output v Read range of 16+ cm 4.7 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.7.1 Description MAX232 is an integrated circuit. It converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual driver or receiver and it converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals typically. This provide at output 7.5 from 5v supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. 1 C1+ + connector for capacitor C1 2 V+ output of voltage pump 3 C1- connector for capacitor C1 4 C2+ + connector for capacitor C2 5 C2- connector for capacitor C2 6 V- output of voltage pump / inverter 7 T2out Driver 2 output 8 R2in Receiver 2 input 9 R2out Receiver 2 output 10 T2in Driver 2 input 11 T1in Driver 1 input 12 R1out Receiver 1 output 13 R1in Receiver 1 input 14 T1out Driver 1 output 15 GND Ground 16 VCC Power supply The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V. Chapter 5: Implementation 5.1 Designing the RFID reader module We started our project with designing the RFID reader/writer module. The standard we followed was ISO15693 used in library for theft detection of unissued books. The standard frequency used in it was 13.56 MHz. The PCB layout was designed. The IC used in this reader was TRF7960. Its dimension was 4.854.85 mm. The PCB design of the reader was not accurate and of high quality as required. Later on, we came to know that SMD components were required when working with high frequency. Then SMD components were used to design the reader. Its PCB is shown in the figure below: 5.1.1 Problems in the design of the reader The main obstacle we faced in the designing of this RFID reader was that its PCB design required tinning process as the IC consisted of 32 SMD pins, each separated 0.5 mm apart. The size of the TRF7960 IC was very small thus requiring a very accurate PCB. This would require 2-3 months and the time we had was short for this. Thus we switched to ID20 RFID module. This was quiet simple to use and easily available in the market. 5.1.2 Antenna design of TRX7960 The loop antenna used in the previous reader was designed and printed on PCB. Its parameters were found using the formulas and equations of loop antenna. Its parameters were as follows: v Frequency = 13.56 MHz v Impedance = 50 Ohms v Antenna size = 0.027wavelength v Wavelength = 22.123894 m v Quality Factor = 6.75 v Track spacing=0.0508 cm v Track width= 0.127cm v L = 1.2608 H This loop antenna is required to match with the 50 Ohm and has to be tuned to radiate with a high Q value. Therefore a matching and resonator circuit is used which is composed of a series capacitor, parallel capacitor and a parallel resistor. The capacitances are used to match the inductive load as well as to build a resonator. The resistor is used to decrease the Q-value of the resonant circuit for a better design of antenna. 5.2 Implementation with the RFID module ID20 Due to the obstacles faced in implementing the design of the reader, the RFID reader module was used which gives out serial output. It has a built-in antenna as well as reasonable range. It is placed in the main unit and directly interfaced with the microcontroller. The fingerprint module SM630 and the RF transceiver nRF905 are also connected with the microcontroller. The former has the serial TTL serial input/output while the later has SPI interface. The RS232 is used to connect the main unit with the PC. The database application is installed in the PC which has a record of the student details. For the detection of unissued books, an anti-theft unit is designed in which the RF transceiver is connected with the microcontroller. The RFID reader module is also connected in this unit. 5.3 Working of the system 5.3.1 Main unit There are 5 external buttons attached with the main circuit board. Four of them execute fingerprint module commands and two for the RFID reader. The fingerprint command buttons include Add button for adding new fingerprint, Delete button for deleting the fingerprint, Delete all button for deleting all fingerprint database and a Match button for matching the fingerprint. The function of the one button of the RFID reader is to issue and return the book from the students account. The main unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The MAX232, fingerprint module and RFID reader are operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and also pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. The crystal oscillator IC of frequency 20MHz is connect ed with the pin number 13 of the microcontroller. It generates clock pulses for executing the microcontroller instructions. Thus 5MHz is the operating frequency of the microcontroller. The external buttons for executing fingerprint and RFID functions are connected to port D, with pins from 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. These buttons are pulled down by using 10kohm SIP. SIP is an integrated circuit consisting of resistors on a single chip having one point common. This common point decides the functionality of the SIP. If this point is connected with the VCC, it acts as pull up and vice versa. 5.3.2 Antitheft Unit This unit consists of a microcontroller (PIC18F452), RFID reader (ID-20), RF Transceiver (nRF 905) and some other same components. If any book will pass through this unit RFID will read its ID and send to microcontroller. The microcontroller will send this id to main unit via RF transceiver for further process. RF transceiver keeps on transmitting until it receives acknowledgment from the main unit that correct data is received. The antitheft unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The RFID reader is operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and also pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. 5.4 working of Fingerprint Module The fingerprint module contains four pins connection which are VCC, TX, RX and GND. As PIC 18f452 has only one built-in serial port. CCS C compiler has feature to create software serial ports. So PORT E( E0 , E1) made software serial port for Finger Print Module. TX pin of Finger Print module is pulled up with 10kohm resistor and connected to the PIN_E0 (RX) of PIC 18F452 and RX pin of finger print module is connected to PIN_E1 (TX) of PIC18F452. Syntax for creating software serial port: #use rs232(baud=57600, xmit=PIN_E1, rcv=PIN_E0, parity=N, bits=8, stream=ts) 5.4.1 Steps to add new finger print Syntax: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x10 + 0x03 +0x40 + high byte of the to be added fingerprint ID + low byte of the to be added fingerprint ID + Check Sum. Response from Fingerprint module: If operation successful: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x40 + 0x31 + 0x48 If error occurred: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x40 + 0x34 + 0x4B Flow chart of adding new fingerprint: 5.4.2 Steps to search Fingerprint Syntax0x4D + 0x58 + 0x10 + 0x05 + 0x44 + search high bytes of starting Fingerprint ID + search low bytes of low bytes + high bytes of the number of fingerprints searched + low bytes of the number of fingerprints searched + Check Sum. Response from Finger module: If fingerprint matched:0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x04 + 0x44+ 0x39 + high bytes of ID for the found fingerprint + low bytes of ID for the found fingerprint + check sum If fingerprint not matched:0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x44 + 0x3A + 0x55 Flow chart for search fingerprint 5.4.3 Steps to format finger print database Syntax0x4D + 0x58 + 0x10 + 0x01 + 0x46 + 0xFC Response from Fingerprint module: If operation successful: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x46 + 0x31 + 0x4E Flow chart for Formatting Fingerprint Database: 5.4.4 Steps toDelete fingerprint Syntax: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x10 + 0x03 + 0x42 + high bytes of the to-be-deleted fingerprint ID + low bytes of the to-be-deleted fingerprint ID Response from Fingerprint module: If operation successful: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x42 + 0x31 + 0x4A If error occurred: 0x4D + 0x58 + 0x30 + 0x02 + 0x42 + 0x35 + 0x4E Flow chart for deleting fingerprint: 5.5 Working of RF transceivers The RF transceiver used in the system had 14 pins, 2 of ground and 1 VCC. We use built-in SPI interface for transceiver module. SCK pin of RF transceiver is connected with SCK pin of microcontroller. SDI and SDO pins of RF transceiver are connected with SDO and SDI pins of microcontroller, respectively. DR pin of RF transceiver is connected to INT0 pin of microcontroller. TRX_CE, TXEN, PWR, AM, CD and CSN pins of RF transceiver are connected to RA0, RA1, RA2, RA3, RA5 and RC1 respectively. 5.5.1 Steps to Transmit Data: When the microcontroller has data for a transmitting, the address of the receiving node (TX-address) and payload data (TX-payload) are clocked into RF transceiver through the SPI interface. Microcontroller sets TRX_CE pin and TX_EN pin=1 (high), this activates RF transceiver for transmission. Radio is automatically powered up (PWR pin=1). Data packet is completed (CRC calculated, preamble added). Data packet is transmitted (50kbps, GFSK, Manchester-encoded). When data packet transmission is completed it sets Data Ready (DR) pin=1(high). If AUTO_RETRAN pin=1(high), the RF transceiver continuously retransmits the packet until it sets TRX_CE pin=0 (low). When RF transceiver sets TRX_CE pin=0 (low), it finishes transmitting the outgoing data packet and then it sets into standby mode (Sleep mode). Flow chart for transmitting Data through RF transceivers: 5.5.2 Steps to Receive Data 1) Receiving mode is selected by setting TRX_CE=1 (high) and TX_EN=0 (low). 2) After 650s RF Transceiver starts monitoring the air for incoming communication. 3) When the RF Transceiver receive a carrier at the receiving frequency 434 MHz, it sets Carrier Detect (CD) pin=1 (high). 4) When an address matches, it sets Address Match (AM) pin=1 (high). 5) When a valid packet has been received (correct CRC found), RF Transceiver removes the preamble, address and CRC bits from the data packet and sets the Data Ready (DR) pin=1 (high). 6) Microcontroller receives payload data from RF transceivers by SPI interface. 7) Microcontroller sets the TRX_CE pin=0 (low) to enter standby mode. 8) When all payload data is retrieved, RF transceiver sets Data Ready (DR) pin and Address Match (AM) pin = 0 (low) again. Flow chart for receiving data: 5.6 RFID Reader The RFID reader has 4 pins. VCC, TX, RESET, GND. PORT B (B7, B3) made software serial port for RFID reader. TX pin of RFID reader is connected to the PIN_B7 (RX) of PIC 18F452 and RESET pin of RFID reader is connected to PIN_B6 of PIC18F452. Syntax for creating software serial port: #use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_B3, rcv=PIN_B7, parity=N, bits=8, stream=RFID) RFID reader automatically detects RFID tag and sends its ID to microcontroller for further processing. Microcontroller reset RFID reader after receiving ID from it. Flow chart of RFID reader working: 5.7 Compiler used for microcontroller Microcontroller compiler used is CCS C compiler for PIC. This was used due to professional reasons. It provides a complete integrated tool suite for the debugging and developing embedded system running on Microchip PIC. The heart of this development tools suite is the CCS intelligent code utilizing C compiler which frees designers in order to concentrate on the design functionality instead of need to become an MCU architecture expert. 5.8Software implementation The student form is created in the visual studio tool. Various information is saved in it as per required for a student console. These forms are linked to the database contents. The student form is shown below: Figure 17 This is the form for saving the student record in the database. One the student record has been saved, every time the student places his finger or thumb on the fingerprint reader, its thumb string is compared in the database. Through an automatic system coded in the visual studio tool, the form which appears on the screen of the student login is as follows: Figure 18 In this form, the student information field is read only and cannot be edited. The book record field has the student library status, which has a checkbox for issued or non-issued status. 5.9Database system The data base structure is simple and consists of some details as under: CREATE DATABASE `LibrarySystem`; Table Name: CREATE TABLE student( `txt_name` VARCHAR( 30 ) NOT NULL , `txt_id` VARCHAR( 30 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, `txt_address` VARCHAR( 60 ) NOT NULL , `txt_library_status` VARCHAR( 20 ) NOT NULL , txt_finger_print` VARCHAR( 60 ) NOT NULL, txt_book_name` VARCHAR( 40 ) NOT NULL txt_book_name` VARCHAR( 60 ) NOT NULL, ) ; Chapter 6: Evaluation We have focused on thorough testing through-out the design and implementation phase. Starting from the theoretical design and ending at the practical implementation. In this procedure there were a lot of hurdles especially regarding the PCB design of the reader. The TRX7960 IC which was being used in the design of the reader was not available in Pakistan. It was imported from china which took a long time and thus shortening our time for the design of the reader. The tinning process required for the PCB design of the reader was quiet expensive and required much time. Thus we switched to the RFID module as it was much compatible with our system and easy to use. The wireless communication between the two units i.e. main and anti-theft unit was our first task successfully completed. Then the register calling of fingerprint module and setting its commands, and finally the code for the RFID module was accomplished. The design of the software side which consisted of the database, the studen ts form, and the interface between the data from the serial port and the database components was quiet an easy task. It was accomplished within few days. Although hundred percent of our system design was not accomplished, hurdles such as non availability of the reader IC in Pakistan and 2-3 months required for the accurate PCB design of the reader circuit, still there was much to learn and acquire. At the end, it is not about the hundred percent success that one gets, its about how much one has learnt from his failure. 6.1 Function Testing Before and after integrating the system, testing was done and the results were as follows: Testing Requirements PIC 18F452 and DC supply Requirement Tested CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 FINAL STATUS DETAILS FR-03-001 Failed Ok Ok Regulator IC FR-03-002 Ok Ok Ok MAX232 IC FR-03-003 Ok Ok Ok SIP FR-03-004 failed Ok Ok Crystal oscillator FR-01-001 FR-01-002 Failed Failed Ok Serial communication Failed(dead) Failed(dead) Ok transceiver FR-01-005 Ok Ok Ok Fingerprint module 6.2 Results After thorough testing of the components, these were integrated together and the overall system faced failure more than four times. After recovering all the unexpected errors in the system, it started generating correct outputs. Then it was interfaced with the PC through serial communication which also faced much error. Finally all the data was sent to the PC and processed using visual basic and compared with the database components. Chapter 7: Conclusion and Future work 7.1 Conclusion The objective of our project Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID was to design a system based on RFID technology that not only enhances the library security but also covers the idea of library automation. The final design of the project accomplished the idea of multinode environment and it is responsible for issuing books and the security of books through anti theft unit. This design also deals with the issues (reliable data transfer) of multinode environment. This project facilitates the users in numerous ways like time saving in issuing books, security, library management, categorizing and many more. 7.2 Future work Based on the ways in which some businesses are currently using radio frequency identification, people use to say that the world will be very different once readers and RFID tags are everywhere. In an RFID-enhanced future, the benefits would accrue not just to businesses, but also to consumers. Some benefits of RFID to the customers may include: Easy item returns: You might be able to return RFID-tagged items of apparel without a store receipt. The unique identifier in the tag would reference a database record with the time of purchase and the original price and even credit card information, if desired. Smart appliances: Your washing machine could choose its cycle setting based on tag information in the items to be washed. Your smart refrigerator could take inventory automatically, alerting you to expired or recalled foodstuffs, creating shopping lists automatically, and even searching the Internet to find recipes you can prepare with the items in the refrigerator. Your closet could alert you to what clothing it contains and what is out for cleaning and search the Internet for fashion advice Personalization: You might carry an RFID tag that stores (or references) personalization data. When you walk up to a clothing rack in a shop, LEDs might flash on the hangers with items in your size and preferred colours. Easy shopping: You could purchase or rent items by simply walking out of a shop with them. The RFID payment device in your pocket and the RFID tags in the items you carry would allow payment to be made automatically. RFID is said by many in the industry to be the frontrunner technology for automatic identification and data collection. The efficient use of this technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector.

The Economic Crisis Of The United States - 1900 Words

The Great Recession, coinciding with the subprime mortgage crisis, lasted from the end of 2007 to the middle of 2009. This downturn became the biggest economic crisis that the United States had faced since the Great Depression. Causing high unemployment rates, a decline in consumer confidence and home values, the recession had a great impact on both Americans and immigrants in the United States. Since the 1990s to a few years before the recession, the number of immigrants entering the United States increased at a constant rate as more and more people came to the country in search for better job and education opportunities. This number dropped, however, when the country entered the economic crisis in 2007. The American Community Survey†¦show more content†¦This recession was a combination of the United States recession, that lasted from December of 2007 to approximately June of 2009, and the global recession in 2009 that proceeded. The recession in the United States was a res ult of the banks’ inability to pay off their accumulated debt. It all began when there were housing booms, which involved mortgage-backed securities (MBSs), or stocks backed by mortgages. Due to the real estate market collapse in 2007, those securities declined in value and jeopardized solvency, or â€Å"the ability of a company to meet its long-term financial obligations†, of banks that were too much in debt. Though there were many major problems that resulted from the recession, the drastic increase in unemployment rates became the biggest negative effect of the economic crisis. According to the statistics from The Encyclopedia of the Great Recession, â€Å"By March 2008, 63,000 jobs were lost, the most in five years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rosenberg, 599: Unemployment). During the period of decline in economy, revenues decreased and businesses stopped expanding. Moreover, when demand was too low to support the businesses, employers needed to reduce their spendings and save money by lowering wages, stop hiring new workers, and firing old ones. The Great Recession, therefore, initiated the mass discharge of employers and reduced job opportunities for immigrants who had come to

The Writing Style of Khaled Hosseini in A Thousand...

The writing style of Khaled Hosseini in A Thousand Splendid Suns is both sympathetic and disgusted. He feels pity on those that bear the burden of the war. He shows this mostly through the use of two major literary devices: Symbolism and Imagery. These two literary devices impact the reader because it gives a deeper insight and understanding of the pain and fear these characters were forced into dealing with every day. An example of how Hosseini feels disgusted and sympathetic is when one of the main characters, Mariam Jo, is forced to go live with her father after her mother’s untimely death on page 36, â€Å"suddenly he was standing in front of her, trying to cover her eyes, pushing her back the way they had come saying ‘Go back! No. Don’t†¦show more content†¦Her own band was a little tight, but he had no trouble forcing it over her knuckles†. The symbolism in this quote is with the description of the size of the bands and the force Rasheed used to force the band over her knuckles. Due to the fact that the bands were â€Å"thin† is a portrayal of the future marriage to come. The force Rasheed uses to put the gold band on her finger is an indication of the hidden persona that lies dormant beneath the weight of his current desire. The disgust of the forced marriage is portrayed through the physical description of Rasheed. The third example is on page 104 after Mariam has had multiple miscarriages and has yet to provide Rasheed with a male heir. â€Å"‘CHEW!’ He bellowed. A gust of smoky breath slammed against her face. Mariam chewed. Something in the back of her mouth cracked. ‘Good.’ Rasheed said. His cheeks were quivering. ‘Now you know what your rice tastes like. Now you know what you’ve given me in this marriage. Bad food and nothing else.’ Then he was gone, leaving Mariam to spit out pebbles, blood and the fragments of two broken molars†. Hosseini’s symbolism in this passage is in the location of the teeth and the blood spit out. The fact that the teeth were in the front indicated and hidden emotional pain that she will then learn to hide easily. The blood is just a representation of the physical pain to come. Reading this imagery makes us very sympathetic for Mariam and was gain a great disliking of Rasheed. The fourthShow MoreRelated1000 Splendid suns1913 Words   |  8 Pages A Thousand Splendid Suns Research Paper The People of Afghanistan have struggled with invaders in there country for many decades. The intrusion of the soviets in 1979 was the first intrusion on the Afghan people. Many people were affected by the manifestation of the soviets and either ran away or lived in fear and war. Luckily, famous author Khaled Hosseini and his family were moved out of Kabul a few years before the Soviets invaded. Khaled Hosseini and his novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, showsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini953 Words   |  4 PagesIt is Wednesday morning at Varina High School. 10:40 to be exact. I am in Pre-AP English. There are approximately 12 students in the classroom. â€Å"Good morning class† said Mrs. Martin. â€Å"To complete our style unit, we will be reading A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini.† After learning the fact that we will once again be reading another book, many of the students had the usual reaction after receiving another inte nse assignment. â€Å"Ugh we just read a book by this guy already, the storyline is

AP World History Chapter free essay sample

Expansion Integration All classical civilizations expanded New challenges: How did they cooperate? O Seminal thinkers brought central values; Confucius, Laozi, Buddha, Socrates Unity attempts O China= Centralize the government S Royal citizens - resettlement around the government S Language promotion S Confucian hierarchy S India= Hierarchy society S Caste system S Hinduism O Mediterranean S Local autonomy (freedom in life for their people; High tolerance) S Laws S Citizenships S Economic interdependence 2. Non classical Developments Africa S Kush - Axum - Ethiopia Later foundation of Ghana C] Writing, religious conversion Oudaism Christianity), iron, divine rule of Kings Japan S Writing, agriculture, Shintoism, Iron, Divine rule Europe S Little independent development, Regional ruling, polytheistic, interaction with Rome Central America S Olmecs Monuments; Corn, potato, Few domesticated animals, Calendar, Writings S Mayans Foundation on the Olmecs S Incas Similar to Maya and Inca, built cities religious monuments S Lacked benefits of interaction (wheel and irons were scarce) Polynesians (In Pacific) S Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii C] Outrigger canoes , caste system (particular in Hawaii), Divine rule (king based) Central Asia S Nomadic Herders, Trade route intermediaries (middleman ,Whole sale people), technologies (stirrups) S Invasion of civilization - population pressure spoils 3. Decline (and Fall or Revival) of Civilizations S 3 century of chaos (Similar to Era of Warring States) C] Fall because